Multi Column Chromatography System

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for chromatographically analyzing each of a plurality of samples in detector, comprising an autosampler to contain a plurality of samples for chromatographic analysis and a plurality of chromatographic systems, each system comprising one or more pumps and one or more chromatography columns. A detector is included for detecting compounds in the samples from each of the chromatography systems along with a valve positioned between the detector and the plurality of chromatography systems, the valve permitting each sample to reach the detector in sequence. A computer control device is included which adjusts the introduction of samples from the autosampler into the plurality of chromatography systems as well as the position of the valve to sequentially separate and deliver compounds within the samples to the detector.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser.No. 11/387,354 filed on Mar. 23, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,217,360,which is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No.10/970,833 filed on Oct. 21, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,018,540, which isa divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/671,900 filedon Sep. 26, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,808,635, which is a divisional ofU.S. application Ser. No. 09/750,438 filed on Dec. 28, 2000, now U.S.Pat. No. 6,635,173, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a multi-column chromatography system,particularly suitable for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).The system optimizes a detector's data gathering ability, such as a massspectrometer (MS), without sacrificing the quality or quantity of datacollected. The system operates via the use of a staggered HPLC-MSoperation sequence, through a plurality of individual chromatographysystems as directed by a programmed computer protocol, and is suitablefor both turbulent flow and laminar flow type systems.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

U.S. Pat. No. 5,919,368, owned by the assignee herein, provides anexcellent review regarding the utility of separations by highperformance liquid chromatography. As noted therein, the separationprocess relies on the fact that a number of component solute moleculesin a flowing stream of a fluid percolated through a packed bed ofparticles, known as the stationary phase, can be efficiently separatedfrom one another. The individual components are separated because eachcomponent has a different affinity for the stationary phase, leading toa different rate of migration for each component and a different exittime for each component emerging from the column. The separationefficiency is determined by the amount of spreading of the solute bandas it traverses the bed or column.

The '368 patent ultimately goes on to describe an improved method ofperforming liquid chromatography comprising the steps of packing withina tubular container a substantially uniformly distributed multiplicityof rigid, solid, porous particles with chromatographically activesurfaces, so as to form a chromatographic column having an interstitialvolume between said particles, said particles having average diametersof not less than 30 μm and loading said surfaces with at least onesolute that is reactive with said surfaces, by flowing a liquid mixturecontaining said solute through said column at a velocity sufficient toinduce flow of said mixture within at least a substantial portion ofsaid interstitial volume at a reduced velocity greater than about 5000.The aforementioned method: 1. dramatically enhances both the speed andcapacity of both analytical and preparative chromatography for bothsmall and large molecules such as biologicals and the like; 2. isoperative with mobile phase velocities considerably greater than anypreviously employed with significantly improved results; 3. makes use ofpacked particle beds in which the particles are substantially largerthan those previously used in the art; and 4. offers a process that isoperative at pressures considerably below those taught by the prior artfor turbulent flow chromatography. In that regard, attention is alsodirected to U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,772,874; 5,795,469; 5,968,367; 6,110,362and 6,149,816, also owned by the assignee herein, which disclose otherassociated methods and apparatus for use in high performancechromatography applications.

With the above in mind attention is now directed to U.S. Pat. No.6,066,848 which is said to provide a method and system for analyzing thecomposition of a plurality of fluid samples by chromatographictechniques. More specifically, the '848 patent states that the inventiontherein is able to distinguish between each of a plurality of fluidsamples simultaneously electrosprayed from parallel liquidchromatography columns towards a miss spectrophotometer such that themass spectra associated with each fluid sample can be reliabledetermined. That is, the '848 patent goes on to describe that aplurality of fluid samples are simultaneously separated by parallelliquid chromatography columns and are simultaneously electrosprayedtowards an entrance orifice of a mass spectrophotometer. A blockingdevice having an aperture passing therethrough is positioned so as toblock all but one of the fluid samples from passing into the entranceorifice of the mass spectrophotometer at any moment in time.

However, various problems have been identified with the above identifiedtechnique, which has in various forms been referred to as a “MUX” (i.e.multiplexed) liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry system. Forexample, such technology generally makes use of one pump to drive foursample streams. As a consequence, it is difficult to achieve optimumpressure in all streams, the back pressure may vary with column packing,the back pressure may vary with use, there can be poor reproducibilitybetween streams, and there is a standing problem of “drift”. Expandingupon this, there is no back-pressure monitoring, there is no way to linksamples to a specific column, and when a single stream shuts down, e.g.,in a four-column system, 25% of the data is lost along with 25% of thesamples.

In addition, MUX technology, which makes use of a blocking disk, createsa potential for carryover as each spray impinging upon the disk maybecome cross contaminated. Furthermore, analyte date readout, by virtueof being multiplexed, leads to the feature that each of theelectrosprays is analyzed over and over again in sequence. Accordingly,a varying mass spectrum reading will be generated for each of theplurality of fluid sample electrosprays over time. That being the case,MUX analyte data readout will appear as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 herein,which makes clear that the number of data points is, in all cases,limited by the sampling rate of such a multiplexed system. Morespecifically, as shown in FIG. 1, data points are a function of samplingrate and are illustrated for sprays 1-4 v. elapsed time. FIG. 2 thenillustrates that as a consequence of such multiplexing, the reportedpeak possibilities are prone to error, as different peaks may be drawn(dotted v. solid line) for the multiplexed data points so collected.

Stated another way, the MUX system can lead to insufficient peak datapoints for tracing along with a sacrifice in precision and sensitivitywhen operated at faster speeds. Furthermore, such problems arecompounded in the case of multiple analytes.

Accordingly, there remains a need to develop a multi-columnchromatography system that overcomes the disadvantages of the prior artand which provides a more reliable and accurate chromatographicseparation along with maximum use of a detector's data gatheringability.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A method and apparatus for chromatographically analyzing each of aplurality of samples in a detector, including an autosampler whichcontains a plurality of samples for chromatographic analysis, aplurality of chromatography columns, a plurality of pumps associatedwith said plurality of columns to establish a flow of eluant from eachof said plurality of columns and a detector for detecting compounds insaid eluant from each of said columns. The apparatus further includes avalve positioned between said detector and said flow of eluant from saidcolumns, said valve permitting each flow of eluant to reach the detectorin sequence. A computer control device is included which automaticallyadjusts the introduction of samples from the autosampler into saidplurality of columns as well as the position of said valve tosequentially deliver said eluant to said detector.

In an alternative embodiment, the present invention relates to anapparatus and method for chromatographically analyzing each of aplurality of samples in detector, comprising an autosampler to contain aplurality of samples for chromatographic analysis and a plurality ofchromatographic systems, each system comprising one or more pumps andone or more chromatography columns. A detector is included for detectingcompounds in said samples from each of said chromatography systems alongwith a valve positioned between said detector and said chromatographysystems, said valve permitting each sample to reach the detector insequence and a computer control device which adjusts the introduction ofsamples from said autosampler into said chromatography systems as wellas the position of said valve to sequentially separate and deliver saidcompounds within said samples to said detector. Each chromatographicsystem is independent of the others, and each may consist of a number ofcomponents, including pumps, columns, valves, and heaters.

In a still further embodiment, the present invention relates to achromatographic system containing a column, including a pump for elutinga mobile phase, and a detector for detecting compounds flowing out ofsaid column, the improvement which comprises a computer control devicethat: (i) collects pressure readings over time from said pump to providea tracing, (ii) compares such tracing to a stored pressure v. timetracing for said pump and (iii) elects to shutdown said pump when saidtracing deviates from said stored tracing.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates the prior art analyte read-out for a multiplexed(MUX) HPLC system.

FIG. 2 illustrates the prior art peak measurement possibilities for amultiplexed (MUX) HPLC system.

FIG. 3 illustrates in schematic view the multi-column chromatographysystem of the present invention.

FIG. 4 illustrates sampling points and peak profile as a result of themulti-column chromatographic system of the present invention.

FIG. 5 illustrates the typical results of the multi-columnchromatography system of the present invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates in block diagram format the functionality of thesoftware system protocol of the present invention operating within thecomputer controller as applied in part to control of the autosampler.

FIG. 7 further illustrates in block diagram format the functionality ofthe software system protocol of the present invention operating withinthe computer controller as applied in part to initiate data collectionat the detector.

FIG. 8 illustrates in block diagram format the functionality of thesoftware system protocol of the present invention as applied to themonitoring of system pressure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

One schematic view of the multi-column chromatography system 10 of thepresent invention is shown in FIG. 3. As can be seen therein, the system10 contains an autosampler which includes a plurality of injectionvalves 14, a plurality of pumps 16, a plurality of columns 18, aselector valve 20 and a detector 22. Columns 18 may comprise a widevariety of columns useful for chromatographic analysis which can be usedto direct a fluid sample into the entrance orifice of a given detector.For example, columns 18 may comprise high performance HPLC columns,capillary electrophoresis columns, gas chromatography columns, flowinjection transfer lines, etc. In addition, although not shown, thesystem may also preferably includes a port valve, positioned before thecolumns, which in the case of a single column system (one or more pumpsand one or more columns) operates to load sample in one direction, andelute in the opposite direction. In the case of a two column system, theport valve provides a similar function, and also provides a loop foreluting solvent.

However, as noted above, the present invention may also be described asan apparatus and method for chromatographically analyzing each of aplurality of samples in a detector, comprising an autosampler (withpreferably two sampling arms) which contains a plurality of samples forchromatographic analysis, along with a plurality of chromatographicsystems, each system comprising one or more pumps and one or morechromatography columns. In that regard, it can be appreciated that eachchromatographic system is controlled by the computer controller hereinto ensure that samples are introduced by the autosampler to avoidoverlap at the detector end, and to ensure maximum use of the detector'stime as a detector. In that regard, the invention herein preferablyrelates to the use of, e.g., four (4) independent chromatographysystems, wherein each system contains one (1) or more pumps and one (1)or more columns. Alternatively, in a more preferred embodiment, theinvention herein relates to the use of four (4) independentchromatography systems, wherein each system contains two (2) pumps andone (1) column, such that one pump is devoted to loading the column withsample, and one pump for elution. As such, the invention hereinpreferably relates to the use of either of such previously mentionedoptions, to the extent that at least two (2) of the chromatographysystems so defined are incorporated into the sequencing chromatographyapparatus of the present invention.

As can next be seen in FIG. 4, according to the present invention, thenumber of data points 24 available in the present invention isconsistent with the number of data points available from a standardsingle-column/single detector configuration. That is, the number andquality of data points 24 from a column chromatography procedure areundisturbed in the present invention, since the present inventionrelates to the unique sequential operation of a plurality ofchromatography systems such that a given point in time such that qualityand quantity of data is not sacrificed. As can be seen in FIG. 4,according to the present invention, curve 28 is generated, whichrepresents a more precise curve fitting than that which may be obtainedby the multiplexed system of the prior art, which inherently containsfewer data points as well as-the possibility to report less precisecurve 26. In that regard, it is worth noting that no matter how fast amultiplexed system is sampling, the invention herein will, e.g., in caseof a four (4) samples to be analyzed, report four times more information(data points) for any given peak.

Expanding upon the above, attention is directed next to FIG. 5, whichillustrates curves 30, 32, 34, and 36, as obtained herein, due toprocedural benefit of controlled staggered/sequenced injections. As canbe seen, the detector analyzes each curve in sequence. In such regardthe detector herein functions to detect and report curve 30, while thosesamples responsible for curves 32, 34, and 36, although in the processof being eluted in the column, have not yet exited from the column. Suchprogrammed chromatography sequencing is provided herein by a computercontrol device which, upon consideration of when the target sample islikely to exit the column, adjusts the introduction of samples from theautosampler into the columns to sequentially deliver eluant containingsample for sequenced detection. In other words, the computer controllerherein considers the samples in the autosampler, and the input ofinformation concerning their anticipated data-collecting window at thedetector, and selects those samples from the autosampler forintroduction into the system to maximize detector use.

The computer control device of the present invention therefore adjuststhe introduction of sample from the autosampler, as well as the positionof valve 20 (FIG. 3) to sequentially deliver eluant to the detector.However, the computer control device herein preferably functions toprovide other important blocks of information to the user. This is morespecifically illustrated in FIG. 6, which provides a schematic overviewof the functionality of the software system protocol within the computercontrol device of the present invention as applied to the autosampler.As shown therein, the control device first checks that theautosampler/probe is ready to start a sample and that sufficient timehas passed since the last sample start. The controller then checks thata chromatographic system as herein defined is ready to accept a sample.This is determined by the time remaining for the currently runningelution protocol, and this prediction therein optimizes the overallsystem efficiency. By contrast, waiting for the chromatography system toindicate that it is “ready” before starting the sample would elongatethe cycle time by that amount of time between starting the sample andthe sample being “ready” to inject.

The controller then determines which sample corresponds with the “ready”chromatography system. When sample information is entered, the user hasthe option of specifying a particular chromatography system or allowingany of the available systems to be used for the sample. The sample isthen started and when the sample is ready to inject, the controller willverify that the chromatography system is ready and that injection willnot cause the new data window (i.e., the ensuing report of thechromatographic peaks) to overlap the previously injected sample datawindows.

FIG. 7 illustrates the detector and selector valve control of thepresent invention. As shown therein, the controller checks that achromatographic system elution protocol (“method”) has progressed to thestart “data window time” as specified by the current method. Theselector valve is then moved to deliver the fluid stream of thechromatographic system to deliver sample to the detector and thedetector is signaled to begin data collection.

FIG. 8 illustrates the pressure control of the invention herein asprovided by the computer controller. More specifically, the controllerwill collect back pressure readings for each pump 14 in eachchromatography system at an average rate of 10 data points per second.As noted above, the chromatography system herein refers to one or morepumps and one or more chromatography columns within the disclosedchromatography apparatus.

The computer controller therefore maintains a running average for thepressure for each pump in each system. The controller then compares thatrunning average to a history for that pump in each system and determineswhether or not deviation exists that would warrant a shutdown. In arelated manner, the controller maintains a running average for thepressure for each type of pump in the system, i.e., loading pumps oreluting pumps. The controller again compares that running average to ahistory for that pump in each system and again determines whether or notdeviation exists that would warrant a shut-down.

The controller herein also compares each newly collected sample to theaverage of pressure for that pump for the previous run. The controllerthen generates offset and correlation data for that newly collectedsample. In other words, the controller identifies whether or not thedata points vary in intensity and location (i.e., that point in time)from the average pressure v. time tracing generated from one or moreprevious runs. The controller then determines whether or not thegenerated offset and correlation values or tracings are withinacceptable limits. In a preferred embodiment, when the generatedpressure v. time tracing deviates from the stored tracing by, e.g. theslope or shape of the tracing between at least two pressure readings,the system may be shutdown.

In addition, and in related context, the controller also compares eachnew collection of sample back-pressure data points for a given pump tothe running average based upon pump type. Once again, the controllergenerates offset and correlation data, and determines whether or not thegenerated offset and correlation values are within acceptable limits. Ifoffset and correlation values for the pump are outside of a userselected range, sample introduction into the system is suspended.

Finally, if offset and correlation values for a given system are outsideof user selected ranges when compared to other chromatography systems(when such other systems are running the same sample and elutionprotocol) sample introduction on the system will also be automaticallysuspended.

One particularly preferred column herein, but by no means limiting, arethose columns which include a substantially uniformly distributedmultiplicity of rigid, solid, porous particles with chromatographicallyactive surfaces, said particles having average diameters of greater thanabout 30 μm, the interstitial volume between said particles being notless than about 45% of the total volume of said column; and means forloading said surfaces with at least one solute that is reactive withsaid surfaces, by flowing a liquid mixture containing said solutethrough said body at a velocity sufficient to induce flow of saidmixture within at least a substantial portion of said interstitialvolume at a reduced velocity greater than about 5,000.

To these ends the present invention is directed to the use of achromatography column or body in the sequenced chromatography systemherein that is formed as a substantially uniformly distributedmultiplicity of rigid, solid, porous particles having substantiallyuniform mean cross-section dimensions or diameters of not less thanabout 30 μm, typically 50 μm or greater up to, but not limited to, 1000μm in certain instances as will be delineated hereinafter. The term“particle” as used herein should not be construed as limited to anyparticular form or shape, regardless of symmetry or lack thereof, aspectratio, regularity and the like. The term “solid” as used herein, isintended to refer to the physical state of the matter and should not beconstrued to exclude porous particles. The particles are selected from arange of various sizes and shapes and are held together in a body orcolumn as by pressure, sintering and the like so that interstitialchannels having a total interstitial volume of not less than about 45%of the total volume of the column are formed between the particles. Thesurfaces of the particles, including the inner surfaces of the pores inthe particles, may be chromatographically active, as by being coatedwith chromatographic stationary phase layers. This method includes thestep of flowing through the column a fluid mixture containing at leastone solute or suspended phase that is interactive with the particles'surfaces in order to load the column. Because of the nature of theparticles and packing in the column, the flow of the fluid mixturethrough the column can be at a high flow rate, preferably at an averagereduced velocity (i.e., ud[p]/D wherein “u” is the mobile phasevelocity, “d[p]” is the packing particle diameter and “D” is thediffusion coefficient in the mobile phase) greater than about 5000, andincluding, in certain instances to be described hereinafter, reducedvelocities values as high as 70,000 or higher. It is believed that undersuch conditions, turbulent flow of the mixture is induced within atleast a major portion of the interstitial volume, and it is postulatedthat such turbulent flow in fact enhances the rate of mass transfer,thus increasing the dynamic capacity of the column.

The particles described above are preferably formed from materials thatare incompressible, which term is to be understood to mean that the timerate of changes of the densities and volumes of the particles underpressures of at least about 5×10³ psi, (including outlet column fritretainer) remains substantially zero, and the particles therefore willsubstantially resist plastic deformation even at such high pressure. Theparticles are shaped and selected in a range of sizes and shapes suchthat they can be packed at a pressure sufficient to form a columncharacterized in having interstitial channels formed between theparticles. Because of the irregularity of the particles, it will berecognized that the interior walls of such channels are necessarilyquite rough in configuration. While it is believed that at least themajority of channels have mean cross-section diameters substantially notless than about 4 μm, the interstitial volume fraction (i.e. the totalvolume of interstitial channels between the particles) should not beless than about 45% of the total volume of column. It will beappreciated that typical columns have interstitial volume fractions lessthan about 45%, more particularly ranging from about 35% to 42%. Thesurfaces of particles are chromatographically active either per se as iswell known in the art, or by treatment, as by coating, with any of themany known chromatographically active, stationary phase layers, also aswell known in the art.

As noted, in order to insure the formation of the desired uniformdensity column with the preferred interstitial fraction and precludecollapse under operating pressure, the particles used to pack a columnfor use in the present invention of sequenced chromatography analysismay include rigid solids that must necessarily be incompressible atpacking pressure of at least about 5×10³ psi, preferably up to pressuresas high as about 1×10⁴ psi. To that end, the preferred particles areformed from materials such as alumina, titania, silica, zirconia,vanadia, carbon, various relatively inert metals, and combinationsthereof.

In that regard, the chromatography column used herein may includecolumns used under conventional laminar flow regimes. The columns maytherefore be constructed of particles, which due to a lack of requisiterigidity are run at low flow rates and pressure drops. Such particlesmay have average particle sizes less than about 30 microns and as smallas about 1 micron. It is understood that under these operatingconditions, the analysis times are relatively long and the reducedvelocities may be as small as 1.

In addition, the invention herein may include the use of a substantiallyuniform, elongated chromatography column containing chromatographicallyreactive surfaces, means for injecting into said column a discretevolume of liquid mixture containing at least one solute that is reactivewith said surfaces so as to load said column, and means for flowingeluant fluid through said loaded column, wherein the means for flowingsaid eluant fluid comprises means for injecting at least one discreteplug of said eluant fluid into said column adjacent the input of saidcolumn so as to maintain minimized spatial step separation between saidplug and said discrete volume of liquid mixture as said plug and volumetraverse the column wherein said column and said means for flowing areconfigured such that the flow of said volume of eluant traverses saidcolumn at a reduced velocity greater than about 5000.

The invention herein is also applicable to chromatography columns havingchromatographically reactive surfaces, including the steps of flowingthrough said column a discrete volume of a liquid mixture containing atleast one solute that is reactive with said surfaces, and eluting fromsaid surfaces said solute bound thereto, by flowing eluant fluid throughsaid column, comprising the steps of injecting at least one discretevolume of an eluant fluid into the flowstream in said column such as tomaintain minimized spatial separation between said discrete volumes asthe latter traverse said column at a reduced velocity great than about5,000.

The invention herein is also applicable to separating relatively lowmolecular weight compounds from compounds having relatively highmolecular weights substantially an order of magnitude greater or morethan said low molecular weight compounds in a liquid mixture of saidcompounds, comprising a chromatographic body formed of substantiallyuniformly distributed multiplicity of rigid, solid, porous particleswith average diameters of not less than about 30 μm, and average porediameters sufficiently small to substantially exclude introduction ofsaid compounds of relatively high molecular weight into said pores, thesurfaces of said particles and pored being hydrophobic andchromatographically active, and a means for flowing said mixture at avelocity sufficient that the flow of said mixture within at least asubstantial portion of the interstitial volume between said particles isat a reduced velocity greater than about 5,000 until said high molecularweight compounds have exited said body, and a means for eluting saidrelatively low molecular weight compounds from said body with an eluantliquid at a reduced velocity less than about 5,000, after said highmolecular weight compounds have exited from said body.

With consideration now shifted to the detector 22, such is preferablyany type of detector that is employed in chromatography systems todetect the samples eluted through the columns. Those skilled in the artwill therefore recognize that detector 22 may comprise an ultravioletdetector, or more preferably, a mass spectrophotometer. The detectortherefore provides identification of the desired component compounds ofa sample by determining exactly when such a desired component compoundis eluted from the exit end of the column.

The invention herein is suitable for any type of chromatography typeconfiguration making use of a multiple column configuration. In thatregard, the invention herein is applicable to analytical chromatographyas well as preparative chromatography systems. In that regard, theinvention is applicable herein to conventional HPLC systems relying upona mass spectrometer detector which system undergoes conventionalprogrammed liquid flow velocities and makes use of conventional typegradient systems. However, while such use of conventional chromatographysystems is suitable herein, the invention herein advances the efficiencyof such known systems by uniquely linking up a plurality of such systemsto a single detector to optimize the detectors data gathering abilitywithout sacrificing the quality or quantity of data collected.

1. A chromatography system comprising: a chromatography column capableof separating compounds in a mobile phase; a pump for eluting saidmobile phase through said chromatography column; a detector fordetecting said compounds flowing out of said chromatography column; anda computer control device for collecting pressure readings from saidplump and providing a running average for the pressure of said pumpbased on said collected pressure readings, said computer control devicecomparing each new collected pressure reading to said running average,and shutting said pump down when a deviation between said new collectedpressure reading and said running average for the pressure of said pumpexceeds a predetermined limit.